meritocracy

a system in which it is believed that an individual can be whatever they want and what they deserve as long as they work hard and show resilience

secondary socialisation

socialisation that occurs within the education system, taking over from primary socialisation, to bridge the gap between the family and society

social solidarity

feeling a part of something bigger than yourself and feeling responsibilities to others (e.g., the feeling of belonging to a group)

human capital

any asset a human being might possess that could be of economic value

hard skills

skills specific to a certain activity/job

soft skills

skills required in/applicable to multiple different activities/jobs

role allocation

choosing/assigning individuals’ roles based on their strengths rather than their opinions of the roles

universalistic standards

the same standards by which all children and adults in society are judged according to

particularistic standards

values and rules which only apply to particular people in a given situation (e.g., in the home)

achieved status

status that is worked for and achieved through jobs and occupations

inequality

an unfair advantage for a certain group of individuals