7th grade SS exam

Articles of Confederation

First governing document limiting Congress's powers.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Established surveying and division of western lands.

Northwest Ordinance

Created Northwest Territory including several Midwestern states.

Shays's Rebellion

Farmers protested high taxes and heavy debt.

Constitutional Convention

1787 meeting to replace the Articles of Confederation.

James Madison

Known as the 'Father of the Constitution'.

Virginia Plan

Proposed strong central government with extensive powers.

New Jersey Plan

One-house legislature with equal state representation.

Connecticut Plan

Bicameral legislature balancing state and population representation.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Counted 60% of slave population for representation.

Roman, Greek, and English influences on the Constitution

Constitution based on democracy, and separation of powers.

John Locke

Philosopher advocating natural rights: life, liberty, property.

Baron de Montesquieu

Promoted separation of government powers into branches.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution and strong federal government.

Antifederalists

Opponents of the Constitution advocating for states' rights.

The Federalist Papers

Essays supporting the Constitution, written by Hamilton, Madison, Jay.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments protecting citizens' rights.

Precedent

Action serving as an example for future decisions.

Cabinet

Advisors to the president in various departments.

Judiciary Act

Established federal court system and defined powers.

Alexander Hamilton

Proposed economic plan to stabilize U.S. finances.

Bank of the United States

First national bank established for financial stability.

Tariff

Tax on imported goods and services.

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers protested whiskey tax, demonstrating federal authority.

Foreign Policy

U.S. stance of neutrality in European conflicts.

Jefferson

Advocated for agrarianism and states' rights.

Hamilton

Supported strong federal government and national bank.

Election of 1796

Adams won presidency; Jefferson became vice president.

XYZ Affair

French demanded bribes from American diplomats.

Federalist Party

Favored war with France over XYZ Affair.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws limiting opposition to Federalist policies.

Nullify

States' right to invalidate federal laws.

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr tied in electoral votes.

John Marshall

Federalist Chief Justice appointed by Adams.

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review in the U.S.

Judicial Review

Power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled U.S. territory in 1803.

Lewis and Clark

Explorers of the Louisiana Territory.

Impressment

Forcing individuals into military service.

Embargo Act

Prohibited trade with Britain and foreign nations.

Nonintercourse Act

Banned trade with Britain and France.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief opposing Native American land loss.

Prophet

Tecumseh's brother and religious leader.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Conflict between Americans and Tecumseh's followers.

William Henry Harrison

Opposed land seizure from Native Americans.

War Hawks

Congress members advocating for war against Britain.

Henry Clay

Prominent War Hawk and political leader.

Nationalism

Pride and loyalty towards one's nation.

War of 1812

Conflict between U.S. and Britain over maritime issues.

Battle of New Orleans

Final battle of War of 1812, Jackson's victory.

Andrew Jackson

7th U.S. president and war hero.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812.

Election of 1824

Jackson vs. John Q. Adams for presidency.

John Q. Adams

Perceived as disconnected from common citizens.

American System

Measures for U.S. economic self-sufficiency.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to a region over the nation.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Settled border disputes between Spain and the U.S.

Monroe Doctrine

Warned European powers against interfering in Americas.

James Monroe

President during the Era of Good Feelings.

Missouri Compromise

Settled conflict over Missouri's statehood.

Missouri Compromise Steps

1. Missouri as slave state; 2. Maine as free state.

Suffrage

The right to vote in elections.

Whigs

Favored weak presidency and strong Congress.

Democrats

Political party led by Andrew Jackson.

Spoils System

Giving government jobs to political supporters.

Kitchen Cabinet

Informal group of trusted presidential advisors.

Peggy Eaton Affair

Social scandal involving Jackson's support for Eaton.

Bank of the U.S. Conflict

Jackson opposed it, leading to Panic of 1837.

States' Rights Advocates

Believed states should hold more power than federal.

Tariff of Abominations

High tariffs imposed on imports by Congress.

John C. Calhoun

Supported strong federal government and states' rights.

Nullification Act

Declared certain federal acts not binding in South Carolina.

Indian Removal Act

Authorized removal of Native Americans from their lands.

Trail of Tears

Forced 800-mile march of Cherokee people.

Martin Van Buren

President during the Panic of 1837.

Panic of 1837

Severe economic depression in the United States.

Worcester v. GA

Court ruled Cherokee nation distinct from Georgia laws.

Industrial Revolution

Rapid growth in machine-based manufacturing and production.

Samuel Slater

Brought British textile mill designs to America.

Eli Whitney

Inventor who improved production efficiency.

Interchangeable Parts

Identical machine parts for easier assembly.

Conditions of Factories

Long hours and harsh working environments.

Cotton Gin

Machine that efficiently removes seeds from cotton.

Cotton Kingdom

Term for the South's cotton-dominated economy.

South's Economy

Primarily based on agriculture and farming.

Lack of Industry in South

Few mills and manufacturing facilities existed.

Dependence on North/Europe

South relied on North for cotton processing.

Slave Codes

Laws restricting slaves' movement and education.

Forms of Resistance to Slavery

Included running away and work slowdowns.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Route for slaves entering America from Africa.

Domestic Slave Trade

Slave trade occurring within the United States.

Gabriel Prosser

Led a rebellion after being punished for theft.

Gabriel Prosser's plan

Seize Richmond, take Governor Monroe hostage.

Gabriel Prosser's rebellion

Slaves revealed plans; militia searched for rebels.

Denmark Vesey's plan

Seize arsenals, kill Governor, burn Charleston.

Denmark Vesey

Bought freedom for $600; joined AME Church.

Nat Turner's plan

Kill all encountered white people.

Nat Turner

Blacksmith believed to be a prophet.

Nat Turner's rebellion

Killed 55 whites; planned for July 4.

Denmark Vesey's rebellion

Plot leaked; Vesey and conspirators executed.