11.5 Industrialization and Urbanization

What are the four industrialists of the Gilded Age and their industries?

John D. Rockefeller - Oil Industry

Andrew Carnegie - Steel industry

J.P. Morgan - Banking/Finance

Henry Ford - Automobile industry

What were the major “push-pull” factors for immigration between 1840-1920?

Push factors: Poverty, famine (especially Irish potato famine), persecution

Pull factors: Industrial jobs, economic opportunity, religious freedom, available land

Main groups: Irish immigrants and those from southern and eastern Europe

What was the significance of Hull House and Jane Addams?

Hull House was a settlement house that provided services to immigrants and poor, including education, childcare, and healthcare. Jane Addams led this progressive reform effort to address urban poverty

What were three major labor unions and their goals?

Knights of Labor - First major national labor union

American Federation of Labor (AFL) - Focused on skilled workers

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) - Radical Union for all workers

All fought for better working conditions, wages, and hours

What were two major Progressive Era Constitutional amendments?

16th Amendment (1913) - Established federal income tax

17th Amendment (1913) - Direct election of U.S. Senators

18th Amendment (1919) - Prohibition

19th Amendment (1920) - Woman’s suffrage

How did Upton SInclair’s "The Jungle” lead to reform?

The book exposed unsanitary conditions in meat packing industry, leading to the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

What were the competing approaches of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois?

Washington (Tuskegee institute) advocated vocational training and gradual progress Du Bois founded NAACP, demanded immediate equal rights, and fought for civil rights through protest and legal action

What major business regulations were passed during this period?

Interstate Commerce Act (1887) - Regulated railroads

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) - Prohibited monopolies

Federal Reserve System (1913) - Reformed Banking system

Who was Ida B. Wells and what was her contribution?

She was a journalist and activist who documented the publicized lynching of African Americans through her writings, bringing national attention to racial violence

What were the goal of the Populist Party and Grange Movement?

Both movements represented farmers’ interests,fighting for:

Railroad regulation

Reform of banking and currency

Government ownership of telegraphs and telephones

Government ownership of telegraphs and telephones

Better conditions for farmers

What role did Margaret Sanger play in the Progressive Era?

She advocated for birth control access and woman’s reproductive rights, facing legal challenges and opposition while establishing the foundations for planned parenthood

What technological innovation facilitated industrialization?

New energy sources

Natural resource extraction

Transportation improvements (railroads)

Communication advances

Mass production techniques